Dr.Vidyullata Hande

    Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME’s) have been accepted as a catalyst factor for economic growth and for promoting equitable development. The employment generation intensity of MSME’s sector is higher than the large enterprises. In India, MSME’s have created more than 90 percent of the jobs, employing 114million people, contributing 30 percent of GDP and also contributing major share of industrial production and exports. These MSME’s     are playing significant role in the development of developing countries like India. It is considered as backbone of the economy. With the qualities like dynamism, briskness and convertibility to survive in recession, this sector can have wide opportunities in coming future. MSME Sector: Earlier the industrial unit’s structure in India was classified as Small Scale units and Large Scale Units based on investment ceiling of the installed plant and machinery. Small Scale Units were classified as ancillary units, tin...

  Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML): Intelligence is a combination of logical and analytical thinking and understanding, reasoning capacity of problem solving. Basically it is an ability to recognize the information, and apply it for getting the results. AI consists of two words artificial and intelligence. It means it is manmade intelligence or thinking ability. Here one more term is important i.e. Machine Learning (ML), which means capability of machine to learn from past experience and information. ML is a part of artificial learning. In ML, past data is collected, analyzed and generated the results by minimum human involvement. ML involves functions like data mining, data processing, developing or deriving algorithms, train the module, and integration. AI and MI both terms are co-related to each other. AI provides an ability to machines to learn with the help of ML. These are the new age technologies and can be used in any sector. When the data size is hu...

  Industry 4.0 means the digitalization of production or manufacturing and related industrial processes. Industry 4.0 is used to represent the fourth industrial revolution. It can also be defined as, ‘a name for the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies.’ This term is actually a vision that evolved from an initiative to make the German companies more competitive. This term was first used by a team of scientists, developing a strategy for German government, as fourth Industrial Revolution. In 2016, mastering the fourth industrial revolution was the theme of the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting. First Industrial Revolution : The first Industrial revolution was referred in between 1760 to 1820, in America and Europe. Discovery of James Watt Steam Engine was the significant footprint of this revolution.   The transformation from hand production to machine with the use of steam power and water power, was an example of first revolution. ...

    The capital market consists two components, new issue market where companies’ issues shares directly to the public and the secondary market, where existing shares are bought and sold. The Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956 and the Securities Contract (Regulation) Rules, 1957, governs the trading of old securities. The Act was provided for recognition to the Stock exchanges and gave wide ranging powers to the Government to control and regulate the stock exchanges. Securities market in India witnessed a phenomenal growth in the 1980s leading financial disintermediation with corporate sector placing increasing, greater reliance on the market for satisfying their long-term financial needs and emergence of new intermediaries and institutions in the country and thereby developing a new awareness and interest in investment opportunities. With the development of securities market, the number of malpractices also increased in both primary and secondary markets. The malpra...